SEMESTER VII
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
L T P
3 0 0
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
Definition and classification – Overview of processors and hardware units in an embedded system –
Software embedded into the system – Exemplary embedded systems – Embedded systems on a chip
(SOC) and the Use of VLSI designed circuits.
UNIT II DEVICES AND BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK 9
I/O devices – Device I/O types and examples – Synchronous – Iso-synchronous and asynchronous
communications from serial devices – Examples of internal serial –Communication devices – UART
and HDLC – Parallel port devices – Sophisticated interfacing features in devices/ports – Timer and
counting devices – ‘12C’, ‘USB’, ‘CAN’ and advanced I/O serial high speed buses – ISA, PCI, PCIX,
Cpci and advanced buses.
UNIT III PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS AND EMBEDDED PROGRAMMING
IN C, C++ 9
Programming in Assembly Language (ALP) Vs. High Level Language – C program elements,
macros and functions – Use of pointers – NULL pointers – Use of function calls – Multiple function
calls in a cyclic order in the main function pointers – Function queues and interrupt service routines
queues pointers – Concepts of EMBEDDED PROGRAMMING in C++ – Objected oriented
programming – Embedded programming in C++, ‘C’ program compilers – Cross compiler –
Optimization of memory codes.
UNIT IV REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS –PART – 1 9
Definitions of process, tasks and threads – Clear cut distinction between functions – Isrs and tasks by
their characteristics – Operating system services – Goals – Structures – Kernel – Process
management – Memory management – Device management – File system organization and
implementation – I/O subsystems – Interrupt routines handling in RTOS,
Real Time Operating Systems : RTOS task scheduling models – Handling of task scheduling and
latency and deadlines as performance metrics – Co-operative round robin scheduling – Cyclic
scheduling with time slicing (rate monotonics Co-operative scheduling) – Preemptive scheduling
model strategy by a scheduler – Critical section service by a preemptive scheduler – Fixed (static)
real time scheduling of tasks – INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION AND
SYNCHRONISATION – Shared data problem – Use of semaphore(S) – Priority inversion problem
and deadlock situations – Inter process communications using signals – Semaphore flag or mutex as
resource key – Message queues – Mailboxes – Pipes –Virtual (logical) sockets – Remote procedure
calls (Rpcs).
UNIT V REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS –PART – 2 9
Study of micro C/OS–II or Vx works or any other popular RTOS – RTOS system level functions –
Task service functions – Time delay functions – Memory allocation related functions – Semaphore
related functions – Mailbox related functions – Queue related functions – Case studies of
programming with RTOS – Understanding case definition –Multiple tasks and their functions –
Creating a list of tasks – Functions and Ipcs –Exemplary coding steps.
Total: 45
TEXTBOOKS
1. Wayne Wolf, “Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design”, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1st Indian Reprint 2001.
2. Rajkamal, “Embedded Systems Architecture”, Programming and Design, TMH, 1st reprint
2003.
REFERENCES
1. Steve Heath., “Embedded Systems Design”, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. David E. Simon., “An Embedded Software Primer”, Pearson Education Asia, 1st Indian
Reprint 2000.
3. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis., “Embedded Systems Design – A unified Hardware /
Software Introduction”, John Wiley, 2002
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
L T P
3 0 0
UNIT I OPTICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS 9
First and second generation optical networks – Components – Couplers – Isolators, circulators –
Multiplexers – Filters – Amplifiers – Switches and wavelength converters
UNIT II SONET AND SDH NETWORKS 9
Integration of TDM signals – Layers – Framing – Transport overhead – Alarms, multiplexing –
Network elements – Topologies – Protection architectures – Ring architectures – Network
management
UNIT III BROADCAST AND SELECT NETWORKS 9
Topologies – Single – hop – Multihop – and Shufflenet multihop network – Media – Access control
protocols – Test beds.
UNIT IV WAVELENGTH ROUTING NETWORKS 9
Node design – Issues in network design and operation – Optical layer cost tradeoffs –Routing and
wavelength assignment – Wavelength routing test beds
UNIT V HIGH CAPACITY NETWORKS 9
SDM, TDM, and WDM approaches – Application areas – Optical TDM networks –Multiplexing and
demultiplexing – Synchronization – Broadcast networks – Switch based networks – OTDM test beds
Total: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Rajiv, Ramaswami and Kumar Sivarajan., “Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective”,
2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.
2. Biswanath Mukherjee., “Optical Communication Networks”, TMH, 1997
REFERENCES
1. Vivek Alwayn., “Optical Network Design and Implementation”, Pearson Education, 2004.
2. Hussein T. Mouftab and Pin–Han Ho., “Optical Networks: Architecture and Survivability”,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
L T P
3 1 0
UNIT I MICROWAVE NETWORK THEORY 7
Introduction – Symmetrical Z and Y matrices for reciprocal network – Scattering matrix
representation of multi port network properties of S-parameters – S matrix of a two port network with
mismatched load – Comparison between [S] – [Z] and [Y] matrices – Relationship between Y-Z and
ABCD parameters with S parameters – Numerical problems.
UNIT II MICROWAVE PASSIVE DEVICES 10
Coaxial connectors and adapters – Wave guide choke flanges – Matched terminations – Short circuit
plunger – Rectangular to circular wave guide transition – Tuning screws – Wave guide corners –
Bends and twists – Windows – Coaxial line to wave guide adapters – Coupling loops and coupling
aperture – Attenuators – Phase shifters – Wave guide Tees – E plane Tee – H plane Tee – Magic Tee
and their applications – Isolators – Circulators – directional couplers – Scattering matrix derivation
for all components – Numerical problems.
UNIT III MICROWAVE VACCUM TUBE DEVICES 10
Introduction – Two cavity klystron amplifier – Mechanism and mode of operation – Power output
and efficiency – Mode curve – Equivalent circuit and voltage gain – Beam loading – Applications –
Reflex klystron oscillator – Mechanism and mode of operation power output – Efficiency – Mode
curve – Equivalent circuit – Electronic admittance – Modulation of reflex klystron – Applications –
TWT amplifier – Principle of operation gain and applications – Magnetron oscillator – Hull cut-off
voltage mechanism of operation – Mode separation – Phase focusing – Power output and efficiency
– Applications – Numerical problems.
UNIT IV MICROWAVE SOLID STATE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 9
Microwave diodes – Crystal diode – Schottky diode – Harmonic mixer – PIN diode – Operation
switches – Phase switches and attenuators – Gun diode – Mode of operation – Oscillator circuit –
IMPATT diodes – Mechanism of operation – Application as oscillator and amplifiers – Tunnel
diodes oscillator amplifiers – Varactor diode – VCO – Parametric amplifier – Microwave transistors
– Unipolar and bipolar – Applications – Numerical problems.
UNIT V MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS 9
Introduction – Tunable detector – Slotted line carriage – VSWR meter – Spectrum analyzer –
Network analyzer – Power measurements – Schottky barrier diode sensor – Bolometer sensor –
Power sensor – High power measurement – Insertion loss and attenuation measurement – VSWR
measurement – Low and high VSWR – Impedance measurement – Frequency measurement –
Measurement of cavity Q – Dielectric measurement of a solid by wave-guides method – Antenna
measurement – Radiation pattern– Phase and gain.
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Annapurna Das, Sisir K. Das, “Microwave Engineering”, TMH Co., Ltd., 1999.
2. Collin, R.E., “Foundation of Microwave Engineering”, 2nd Edition, TMH, 1992.
REFERENCES
1. Samuel Y. Liao., “Microwave devices and Circuits”, PHI Pvt Ltd., 1995.
2. Reich, J.H., “Microwave”, East West Press, 1978
TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS
L T P
3 0 0
UNIT I MULTIPLEXING 9
Transmission systems – FDM multiplexing and modulation – Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) –
Digital transmission and multiplexing – Pulse transmission – SONET/SDH – SONET multiplexing
overview – SONET frame formats – SONET operations – Administration and maintenance – Payload
framing and frequency justification – Virtual tributaries – DS3 payload mapping – E4 payload
mapping – SONET optical standards – SONET networks – SONET rings: Unidirectional path –
Switched ring – Bidirectional line – Switched ring.
UNIT II DIGITAL SWITCHING 9
Switching functions – Space division switching – Time division switching – two-dimensional
switching – STS switching – TST switching – No.4 ESS toll switch – Digital cross – Connect
systems – Digital switching in an analog environment – Elements of SSN07 signaling.
UNIT III NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT 9
Timing – Timing recovery – Phase – Locked loop – Clock instability – Jitter measurements –
Systematic jitter – Timing inaccuracies: Slips – Asynchronous multiplexing – Network
synchronization – U.S. network synchronization – Network control – Network management.
UNIT IV DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER ACCESS 9
ISDN – ISDN basic rate access architecture – ISDN U interface – ISDN D channel protocol – High
data rate digital subscriber loops – Asymmetric digital subscriber line – VDSL – Digital loop carrier
systems – Universal digital loop carrier systems – Integrated digital loop carrier systems – Nextgeneration
digital loop carrier – Fiber in the loop – Hybrid fiber coax systems – Voice band modems
– PCM modems – Local microwave distribution service – Digital satellite services.
UNIT V TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 9
Traffic characterization – Arrival distributions – Holding time distributions – Loss systems –
Network blocking probabilities – End-to-End blocking probabilities – Overflow traffic – Delay
systems – Exponential service times – Constant service times – Finite queues.
Total: 45
TEXTBOOK
1. Bellamy John, “Digital Telephony”, 3rd Edition, John Wily and Sons Inc., 2000.
REFERENCES
1. Viswanathan, T., “Telecommunication Switching System and Networks”, PHI Ltd., 1994.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Open source software such as Linux flavors will be used. Ability to use industry standard
tools for verification and validation
3. High level language programming (C, C++) and porting it on a processor
4. Create FSM of a typical application and implement on an FPGA
5. Application development, download. Partition between FPGA and ARM on performance
characteristics
6. Application development. hardware and software partitioning
7. Projects (Implementation of a wireless communication protocol on an embedded system).
Total: 45
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
Sl. No. Description of Equipments Quantity
1. Embedded trainer kits with ARM board 3
2. Embedded trainer kits suitable for wireless
communication
3
3 With adequate quantities of Hardware,
software and consumables
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Experiments pertaining to Fiber optics and Optical Communication
1. Numerical aperture determination for fibers and attenuation measurement in fibers.
2. Mode characteristics of fibers –SM fibers.
3. Coupling fibers to semiconductor sources – connectors and splices.
4. Fiber optic communication links.
5. LED and Photo diode characteristics.
Microwave experiments
1. VSWR measurements – Determination of terminated impedance
2. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement.
3. Microwave power measurement (using DC and H-arm, E-arm of a magic T).
4. Characteristics of gunn diode oscillator.
Total: 45
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LABORATORY
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
Sl. No. Description of Equipments Quantity
1.
Microwave test bench with klystron source
consisting of
(i)Klystron power supply (ii) Klystron table with
mount (iii) Isolator (iv) Variable attenuator (v)Direct
read out frequency meter(vi) Slotted line section
with tunable probe detector (vii) Detector mount
(viii) Slide screw tuner
3 No.s
2.
Microwave test bench with Gunn source consisting
of following components
(i) Gunn power supply (ii) Gunn oscillator (iii)
PIN Modulator (iv)Isolator (v)Variable attenuator
(vi) Direct read out frequency meter (vii) Slotted
line section with tunable probe detector
(viii) Detector mount (ix) Slide screw tuner
1 No.
3 Microwave power meter 1
4 VSWR meter 3
5 Matched termination 3
6 Movable short 3
7 Fixed short 1
8 Horn Antenna 2
9 E- Plane, H- Plane and Magic Tees 2
10 Directional coupler 2
11 CRO (60 MHz) 8 Nos
12 Fiber optic Trainer 1
13 Fiber optic Trainer kit with digital link capability 2
14 Splicing kit 1
15 Mode characteristics of Fiber optic trainer kit 1
16 Optical Power meter 1
17 Voltmeter (0 – 10V),Ammeter(0- 30 mA) and (0-
100mA)
Each 1 No.
With adequate quantities of measuring instruments.
ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. DC power supply design using buck –boost converters
Design the buck-boost converter for the given input voltage variation, load current and output
voltage. Plot the regulation characteristics.
2. DC power supply design using fly back converter (isolated type)
Design the fly back converter using ferrite core transformer for the given input voltage
variation load current and output voltage.
Plot the regulation characteristics.
3. Design of a 4–20ma transmitter for a bridge type transducer.
Design the instrumentation amplifier with the bridge type transducer (thermistor or any
resistance variation transducers) and convert the amplified voltage from the instrumentation
amplifier to 4 –20ma current using op-amp. Plot the variation of the temperature vs output
current.
4. Design of AC/DC voltage regulator using SCR
Design a phase controlled voltage regulator using full-wave rectifier and SCR, vary the
conduction angle and plot the output voltage.
5. Design of process control timer
Design a sequential timer to switch ON and Off At least 3 relays in a particular sequence
using timer IC.
6. Design of AM / FM modulator/demodulator
ii. Design AM signal using multiplier IC for the given carrier frequency and modulation
index and demodulate the AM signal using envelope detector.
iii. Design FM signal using VCO IC NE566 for the given carrier frequency and
demodulate the same using PLL NE 565.
7. Design of wireless data modem.
Design a FSK modulator using 555 and convert it to sine wave using filter and transmit the
same using IR LED and demodulate the same using PLL NE 565.
8. Microcontroller based systems design
Design of microcontroller based system for simple applications like security systems
combination lock etc. Using flash microcontroller.
9. DSP based system design
Design a DSP based system for simple applications like echo generation, etc. using TMS 320
DSP kit.
TOTAL: 45
ELECTRONICS SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
Sl. No. Description of Equipments Quantity
1. Buck boost converter kit 1
2. Fly back converter kit 1
3 Process control trainer kit 1
4 Wireless Data Modem 1
5 Microcontroller kit with application module Minimum 1 no. each
6 TMS 320 DSP kit with application module Minimum 1 no. each
7 Auto transformer Single phase, 300 V
With adequate quantity of consumables, IC s and transformers etc.,
